CAD system and algorithms

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CAD tool require learning its underlying models and its algorithms.A brief word about design representation in CAD system
There are two ways to organise a collection of CAD tools.In a database system, information is stored in a central set of files and access to that information is provided through a set of standard routine.
            A database driven CAD system is sometimes referred to as a hub -and-spoke system becouse all tools talk to the central database and see a common representation for the design.
           CAD design data may be thought of as structural description -graph,geometric etc. Functional behaviour is often stored as either a simple data flow graph or as a more general control data flow graph [Sno78], which includes both data flow and sequencing information.
         One important function of integrated CAD system is back annotation the amendment of a description usually a circuit or gate net list with new information.Back annotation may require the addition of new components since the original design may not have given any resistance or capacitance values for many nets.
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MOSFET ( ENHANCEMENT/ DEPLETION) LOAD INVERTERS

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MOSFET (ENHANCEMENT/DEPLETION) LOAD INVERTERS  MOSFET s with enhancement type driver and resistance as load are not well suited for VLSI circuit fabrication and in other applications as resistance is a passive elements and it is very difficult is fabricate a resistor.Also voltage transfer curves do not show sharper transition and better noise margins. So n MOS   transistor as active loads poise a better condidature for inverter circuit. Also n MOS load occupies less chip area as compared to the linear resistor.             The n MOS   load inverter is again categorised in two parts..The enhancement type n MOS   load and depletion type n MOS   load.The enhancement load inverter can again operate in two modes the saturation mode and the linear mode. The inverter circuit with saturated enhancement type nMOS load and linear enhancement type load.     The gate and drain of the load transistor are connected t...
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अतुल राजा कुजूर की कहानी इस लेख पर प्रकाशित हो गई है।

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एक दिन के बात है। बहुत सालों के बाद 12:00 बजे अमावस्या की रात में शिशु जन्म और इसी दिन कड़ाके की ठंड थी।मोहल्ले के लोग और परिवार के लोग शिशु को जब देखा तो कहने लगे कि यह बच्चा दो-तीन दिन के अंदर मर जाएगा और पंडित जी कहने लगे कि यह बच्चा नहीं मरेगा तो बच्चा बड़ा होकर आदर- सत्कार ,चहल-पहल और बड़ा आदमी बन कर दूसरों को सहायता करने वाला यह पहला व्यक्ति बनेगा। इन सब कहने के बाद मुझे अनाथालय में भेजने की तैयारी कर रहे थे कि उसी वक्त मुझे फूफा ने लोगों से कहा कि यह बच्चे को पालन पोषण में करूंगी और लिखाई-पढ़ाई में ही करवाऊंगी इस बच्चे को शपथ दे डाली।परिवार वाले लोग कहने लगे फूफा आप इस बच्चे को नहीं पा लो वह कभी भी किसी भी वक्त मर जाएगा, इसी वक्त तुरंत बोली कि ये बच्चे को मैं ही पालुंगी और यह बच्चे को कहीं भी जाने नहीं देंगे, ऐसा बोलने वाली पहली औरत इस परिवार की अब आगे क्या हुआ जानने की। बहुत दिनों के बाद यह बच्चा 4 साल हो गया मेरे दादा ने मुझे गोकुल का नाम दे दिया, जैसे जैसे उसकी उम्र बढ़ती गई वैसे-वैसे उसका नाम बदलते गया। इसके बाद मेरे माताजी ने राजा के नाम संबोधन करने लगी वह भी 5 साल की उम्र ...
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What is Corona? Advantages and disadvantage of Corona. Corona are factors affecting.

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What is Corona? Advantages and disvantage of Corona. Factors affecting the corona. What is Corona?   The whole phenomenon the hissing noise the violet glow,and production of ozone is known as the Corona. Factors affecting of Corona:-  १)   Atmosphere:-   Corona is coused by the bombardment of molecule with subsquent dislodging of electron,by the ionised particles. १)Conductor:-   The Corona is considered affected by the size,shape and surface condition of the conductor.The Corona decrease with the increase in diameter of conductor. ३) Spacing between Conductors:-   With the increase in spacing between the Conductors the electrostatics stresses are reduced and the Corona effect is reduced. ४)Line Voltage:-   Line Voltage largely affects the Corona.At low voltage is no corona effect,but when the line voltage is increased to such a value that electrostatic stresses developed at the Conductors surface make the atmospheric air sourr...
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Write ✍️ the explanation are Histogram Processing

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Write ✍️ the explanation are Histogram Processing. The histogram of a digital image with intensity level in the range [0,1,-1] is a discrete function given by                 h(rk)= nk Where,           rk= kth intensity value           nk = no. Of pixel in the image having intensity level rk. h(rk)= histogram So, we have L number of intensity in the image when we get the number of pixel having an intensity value rk and if we plot their number of pixels having different intensity value of these pixels then the plot we get is known as histogram. What is a restoration technique? ➡️ Image filtering:-                                It is used to recover the image from the degraded image i.e. by applying inverse filtering we can estimate fourier transform of original image F(u,v) from the degraded image G(u,v)     ...
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CMOS INVERTER

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CMOS INVERTER:-  CMOS inverter consists of an enhancement type nMOS transistor and an enhancement type nMOS transistor working in complementary mode.          Works in push-pull mode such that for high input nMOS transistor is on and it drives (pulls down) the output and the pMOS simply acts as the load.for low input voltage nMOS transistor is cut-off and pMOS is on and it drives (pull up) the output and the nMOS acts as load.So both pMOS and nMOS contribute equally to circuit operation. Advantages of CMOS inverter are:-  👉Low power dissipation 👉Voltage transfer curves show full swing of output voltage from 0 to Vdd. 👉Sharp transition between states,which increases the noise margin. The effective source substrate bias Vsb=0 for both the transistor.It is also observed that                   Vgs n=Vin                  VDS n=Vout          ...
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Write the explained by Czochralski(CZ) technique and Bridgeman technique.

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Write the explained by Czochralski (CZ) technique and Bridgeman technique . Czochralski technique :- This  technique was developed by Czochralski and this process is used to grow silicon crystal from which silicon wafers are produced.                    The process is characterized by a liquid -solid monocomponent growth system.This technique involves the solidification of atoms from a liquid phase at an interface.It is used for Cz crystal growth is known as "puller".The speed of growth is determined by the number of sites on the face of the crystal and the specifies of heat transfer at the interface.                      Working:- Polycrystalline silicon is placed in the crucible and the furnace is heated to melt silicon.A suitably oriented seed crystal is placed over the crucible in the seed holder. The seed is dipped into the melt.The seed is then slowly pulled up.So freezin...
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What is Cyber stalking?Who is a Cyber stalker?How does a Cyber stalker operate?When does Cyber stalking happen?

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What is Cyber stalking?Who is a Cyber stalker?How does a Cyber stalker operate?When does Cyber stalking happen? What is Cyber stalking?     Stalking in general terms can be reffered to as the repeated acts of harassment targeting the victim such as...... १ Following the victim २ Making harrassing phone calls ३ Vandalizing victim property ४ Leaving written message or objects Who is a Cyber stalker? A Cyber stalker sends harassing or threatening electronic communication to the victim.Both kinds of stalkers -online and offline -have desire to control the victim's life. How does a Cyber stalker operate? A typical cyber stalker collects all personal information about the victim such as name, family background, telephone number of residence and work place, daily routine of the victim, address of residence and place of work,date of birth etc.         Some stalker keeps on sending repeated e-mails asking for various kinds of favour or threaten the victim. When does...
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What is Mask processing? Explain it.

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Explain the image enhancement technique. It is a technique to process an image to enhance certain features of the image.So, that the results is were suitable than the original image. There are two technique of image enhancement:- ➡️ Spatial domain technique:-       https://technicaleduarkujur.blogspot.com/2020/12/blog-post.html                  This technique works an image plane itself i.e., this technique tries to directly manipulate the pixel in the image. ➡️ Frequency domain technique:-                          In this technique operation are performed on the Fourier transform of an image rather than on the image itself i.e.,first we take Fourier transform. What is Mask processing? explain it. It is another kind of spatial domain operation where neighbourhood size is larger than 1.i.e. 3×3, 5×5 etc.                 ...
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