How do you have to define by Network Architecture?

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How do you have to define the Network Architecture?
In 1977,the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recognized the urgent need for standards for computer networks.It formed a committee that developed a standard model of architecture for networking system.
Layered approach to Network Architecture:-
         The OSI reference model recommend a layered approach for network architecture.It consists of seven layers.Layering dividing the entire problem into small pieces.
Some of the principal behind using layered approach are as follows:-
✍️Each layer performs various well defined functions.
✍️Each layer provides services to the higher layer.
✍️The service provided by a layer is independent of how it performs the service.
✍️The number of layers should neither be too many nor too less.Collect similar functions into the same layer.
✍️At the same time a layer should be created where a different level of abstraction is needed.This would ensure separate functions in separate layers.
✍️If the service need it,then sublayers with different functions within a layer may be created.It should also be possible to bypass sublayers.
Service versus protocol:-
Each layer offers its services in the form of primitive,where primitive is the unit of information which is sent from one layer to the other.Similarly,a service is provided by one layer to the other layer.
The service primitive are of four types:-
1✍️ Request primitive:-
                  It is passed from layer N+1 to layer N for requesting that a certain service be initiated.
2✍️Indication primitive:-
                 It is a notification or an event that is passed to layer N+1 from layer N.This primitive notifies that an action has been initiated by layer N for providing the requested service.
3✍️ Response primitive:-
                It is an acknowledgement of the indication primitive and is passed by layer N+1 to layer N.
4✍️ Confirm primitive:-
               It is passed from layer N to the service requesting layer N+1for conveying the acknowledgement of the previous service request made through the request primitive.
Concept of Encapsulation:-
 When a message is to be sent from one host application to the other at a distance,it has to pass through all the layers down to the physical channel.
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